Howard Gardner, Harvard Graduate Professor of Education, identified over 200 ways of "being smart" and grouped them into seven categories. We each have our unique combination of these intelligences and they change over a lifetime. The traditional educational system (and IQ tests) favours the first two intelligences which Gardner reminds us is not our full range of intellectual abilities and skills. The seven ways of knowing are:
More intelligences have been proposed . . .
Resources
Armstrong, Thomas. (1993). 7 Kinds of Smart: Identifying and Developing Your Many Intelligences. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
Braham, Barbara. (1995). Creating a Learning Organization: Promoting Excellence Through Education. Menlo Park, CA: Crisp Publications.
Campbell, Bruce. The Naturalist Intelligence. [Retrieved September 15, 1997 from http://www.newhorizons.org/article_eightintel.html]
DePorter, Bobbi and Hernacki, Mike. (1992). Quantum Learning: Unleashing the Genius In You. New York, NY: Dell Publishing.
Deporter, Bobbi and Hernacki, Mike. (1997). Quantum Business: Achieving Success Through Quantum Learning. New York, NY: Dell Publishing.
Gardner, Howard. (1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York, NY: BasicBooks.
Goleman, Daniel. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
Jensen, Eric. (1994). The Learning Brain. San Diego, CA: Turning Point for Teachers.
Kline, Peter and Saunders, Bernard. (1993). Ten Steps to a Learning Organization. Arlington, VA: Great Ocean Publishers.
Lazear, David. (1994). Seven Pathways of Learning: Teaching Students and Parents About Multiple Intelligences. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
Links
A Multiple Intelligences "Bookshelf".
Updated June 24, 1999